Methods of Planning & Organizing the Operation Apple Inc. Case Study

Question: Portray about the Methods of Planning, and Organizing the Operations. Answer: Presentation Apple Inc. is one of the biggest IT associations on the planet, which is prestigious for executing an extraordinary promoting methodology, which has likewise helped in recognizing it with different contenders simultaneously identified with the equipment and programming division. The $ 120 billion organization aptitudes in the creation and assembling of new items and administrations including the iPads, iPhones, iPods, Apple TV, work areas, iOS working framework and some increasingly (Inside Apple: how America's generally appreciated - and cryptic - organization truly works 2012). About the item The organization has been propelling the inventive iPhones in the market since the year 2007. The organization has propelled a progression of iPhones with bit by bit improved highlights from that point forward (Mojonnier 2012). Notwithstanding, the current serious condition has seen numerous comparable devices with further developed highlights that could rival the iPhones. Additionally, the phones are likewise accessible at a less expensive rate for the clients. This has been a significant mishap for Apple as far as the market estimating of its cell phones. In this way, the organization needs to structure another telephone that ought to involve the most recent advancements and be enrolled inside the serious value go in the market (Mickalowski, Mickelson and Keltgen 2016). Significance of the procedure plan of the new iPhone The prepared structuring in individual of the advancement of the items help in appropriate execution of the procedure. The procedure planning helps in presenting the item empowering the supervisors of Apple to enroll every single essential achievements for the implemention of the item advancement procedure of the new iPhone. The procedure planning for the telephone would help the organization in increasing an appropriate representation about the best possible execution of the item improvement process for the iPhone. Points and targets of the creation of new iPhone utilizing process plan The point of the procedure configuration is to build up the new iPhone in the market to such an extent that to get together with the prerequisites of the clients and the present market request. The principle goal of the item structuring process for the improvement of the new iPhone for the organization is to meet with the desires for the market and the clients. Strategies for arranging and sorting out productive tasks The item arranging of the new iPhones can be contained four key stages including the task usage, arranging, execution, and fruition of the improvement venture. The stages can be portrayed as referenced in the accompanying passages: Task Initialization The task inception incorporates the means, which bargains in recognizable proof of the prerequisites for the advancement of the specific item. Characterizing the task This progression consolidates the ID of the targets and the prerequisites of the item advancement process. It additionally bargains in building up the exercises for legitimate fruition of the advancement of new iPhone (Anderson and Cochrann 2015). Understanding the requirements of the clients The progression incorporates the distinguishing proof of the necessities of the clients in particular of the new iPhone including the highlights, estimating, and details that should be joined inside the telephone. Building up the task instatement plan The progression joins the advancement of the arrangement for planning the item improvement to be executed. Building up the administration methodology The progression joins the distinguishing proof of the jobs of the item improvement group and the announcing technique for develoing a suitable administration plan so as to build up another iPhone (Gido and Clements 2014). Undertaking arranging The undertaking making arrangements for the advancement of the new item can be involved the phases that are portrayed beneath as: Characterizing the undertaking extension The undertaking characterizing stage includes the examination of the different measures related with the usage of the item advancement process for the new iPhone. The stage bargains in characterizing the points of the advancement procedure, recognizing the issues identifies with the improvement procedure during the usage, characterizing the aftereffects of the new iPhone advancement venture and deciding the necessities for a similar that are should have been executed (Robichaud and Anantatmula 2012). Undertaking Execution Execution of the undertaking plan The progression consolidates the execution of the item improvement process for building up a developed iPhone as distinguished in the task commencement step, which empowers the undertaking to be following the booked course of events. Checking the advancement of the report The progression incorporates the use of the different instruments and innovations related with the item advancement of the telephone including the RAD, SDLC and lithe programming improvement (Rowe 2015). Overseeing and keeping up the progressions The means incorporate the keeping up of the improvement procedure of the enhanced iPhone so the advancement venture falls inside the booked course of events and dealing with the procedure in the event that any adjustment in the arrangement is required. Task finish Conduction of audits This progression joins the looking into on the results of the item advancement process and recording the consummation of the enhanced iPhone. Meeting with the targets This is a definitive advance of the item improvement stage, which joins the investigation of the undertaking result identified with the creation of developed iPhones. The progression likewise bargains in checking whether the item being created is meeting the goals of the venture (Turner and Kelly 2012). Models The plans of action manages the arranging, structuring, executing and accomplishing the arranged outcomes and targets of the item advancement process for the iPhone. These models are executed so as to control the advancement procedure for the organization. The different models can be portrayed underneath as: SDLC There SDLC is the condensed type of System Development Life Cycle. The SDLC is an applied model, which uses the blend of in excess of two administration innovations for legitimate execution of the items advancement process for the iPhone (YANG and Bi 2014). The model puts an accentuation on the documentation of the whole advancement process. RAD The RAD is the curtailed type of Rapid Application Development technique, which is being used for quicker advancement of the iPhone with the consolidation of the higher characteristics simultaneously (Rajput and Litoriya 2014). The model likewise uses the prototyping strategy and the workshop technique so as to accomplish the venture necessities. The model uses the method to build up the course of events for the finishing of the item improvement procedure of the new iPhone. Cascade The Waterfall model is the customary technique that fuses the advancement of the activities. The technique additionally fuses the exercises that are associated with the venture advancement process with fixed straight courses of events (Binder and Schilli 2014) . This arrangement of the fixed straight timetables inside the plan of action helps in the advancement of the new iPhone in stages. Dexterous Software Development The technique is executed for the tasks, which requires the spryness in their particular prerequisites. The fundamental element of the coordinated improvement technique lies in its less prohibitive undertaking control, lithe prerequisites, ongoing turn of events, and shorter conveyance cutoff times (Panzarino 2012). These models help the business directors to oversee and actualize the advancement of the new and enhanced iPhones in an effective manner. Strategies for venture assessment and planning of the assets of Apple Strategy for assessing the undertaking The strategy for the assessment of the item advancement procedure can be involved the accompanying stages: Observing: Themonitoring stage includes the investigating the usage of the iPhone advancement venture and to check whether the undertaking is getting together with the booked course of events being assessed before the execution procedure (Johnsen 2015). Evaluating: as far as the specialized utilization, the appraisal stage includes estimating the exhibition of representatives or the improvement group for legitimate execution of the item advancement process. Foreseeing the result: This stage enables the chiefs of the organization to anticipate the result of the item improvement to procedure of the most recent iPhone by examining the procedure through the broad investigation of the task the executives apparatuses and advancements (Stankevi⠍it and Bartkus 2012). Techniques for booking of the assets Work Breakdown Structure: Work breakdown structure helps in the separating of the exercises associated with item improvement procedure of the most recent iPhone into various sensible yet littler expectations to such an extent that to execute the task inside the planned course of events (Chikhale and Mansouri 2015). Sprightly: PERT is the curtailed type of Program Evaluation Review Technique, which is utilized for characterizing, and controlling different undertaking identified with the execution of the item improvement periods of the new iPhone. With the assistance of a system chart, the procedure helps in showing the entomb connections of the undertaking exercises in a successive request for the venture to be executed (Chen and Lieberman 2013). Phases of the item structure Figure: Stages of the item structure for Apple iPhone Source: (Kellingley 2016) The phases of the item structuring for the advancement of iPhones can be composited of the accompanying: Stage 1: Generating This progression bargains in producing the belief systems for the improvement procedure of the most recent iPhone by examining the fundamental interior and outer SWOT examination with the assessment of the showcasing patterns. It likewise helps in building up a suitable strategy by assessing the dangers level of the advancement procedure too. Stage 2: Screening This progression in

Topics to Write About College Essays

Topics to Write About College EssaysTopics to write about college essays are not hard to come up with, but the subject can be. Essays should be a combination of topics that you can write about that are somewhat related to the area of study you are writing about. However, you should find it best to begin by finding out what is already out there and what has already been done. You don't want to change things just because someone else has already written about them.One of the most common subjects to write about for an essay is that of literature. If this is the subject that you choose, it is a good idea to have a good knowledge of literature. Knowledge in this case would mean that you already have read many novels and poems. It would also mean that you know how to read and identify different types of texts. You should read several novels and poetry by authors that you enjoy reading.Other topics to write about for an essay can include history and geography. Both topics provide a great de al of information. History would mean that you know where certain people came from and whether they had any sort of lineage in the area you are writing about. Geography would mean that you have knowledge of land areas that surround you.Another topic to write about is nature. There are many different types of things that can be found in nature. You should make sure that you have read as many books as possible on nature. By reading more about the subject you will gain a better understanding of what is available to you to know about nature.Before choosing a particular topic to write about for an essay, you should make sure that you are familiar with what is being discussed. A topic is nothing without information. You should learn as much as you can about the topic so that you are able to better understand the topic and the idea that you are trying to convey to your reader. You should also make sure that you have a good idea of the topic you are attempting to write about.There are sever al different types of topics to write about. These are by subject and by point of view. You should always begin by writing the main body of the essay. Then you should continue into the second half of the essay when you talk about a different point of view.Once you have covered the different points of view you should stop. That is how a good writer should proceed. When you have covered all points of view then you should reread and edit the piece. By rereading and editing you can be sure that you have covered all the points that you need to cover for the essay.The topic to write about college essays should be something that you enjoy. The essays you write should be something that you love to read and learn about. The topics you choose should be something that will give you a bit of pleasure.

Types Of Derivatives Traded Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

OTC derivatives are contracts which are privately negotiated and traded directly between two parties. Trade takes place excluding exchange and other intermediaries. Being largely unregulated when it comes to disclosure of information, the OTC derivatives market is the largest market for derivatives. Products such as swaps and forward rate agreements are examples. Given that trades happen in private, recording of OTC figures is difficult and this can be clearly noted from the Bank for International Settlement (BIS) figures. The total outstanding estimated amount is $684 trillion (as of June 2008). Of this total notional amount, 67% are interest rate contracts, 8% are credit default swaps (CDS), 9% are foreign exchange contracts, 2% are commodity contracts, 1% are equity contracts, and 12% are other. ETD contracts act as an intermediary to all related transactions. These derivatives are traded with the use of specialized derivatives exchanges. According to BIS, the combined turnover in the worlds derivatives exchanges totalled USD 344 trillion during Q4 2005. These publicly traded derivatives are distinctive from other derivatives even though they are derived from other financial instruments. Thus, even though these publicly traded derivatives are underlying, they can still be considered as distinctive because they provide to investors the access to risk, or reward, and volatility characteristics. Derivative Classes There are three major classes of derivatives: Futures/Forwards Contracts to buy or sell an asset on or before a future date at todays price. While a future contract is a standardised contract written by a clearing house that operates an exchange where the contract can be bought and sold, a forward contract is a non-standardised contract written by the parties themselves. Options Contracts that give the owner the right, but not the obligation, to buy (in the case of a call option) or sell (in the case of a put option) an asset. The price at which the sale takes place is known as the strike price, and is specified at the time the parties enter into the option, normally for Europe the maturity date. Swaps Contracts to exchange cash on or before a specified future date based on the underlying value of the asset. More complex derivatives can be created by combining the elements of these basic types. For example, the holder of a swaption has the right, but not the obligati on, to enter into a swap on or before a specified future date. The underlying asset can vary amongst the following: Interest rate derivatives Foreign exchange derivatives Credit derivatives Equity derivatives Commodity derivatives Uses of Derivative Instruments Derivatives are used to: Cause a large difference in the value of the derivative when a small movement occur in the value of the underlying asset. This is done because derivatives provide to investors leverage and gearing. Make a profit if the value of the underlying asset moves the way the investor expected it would. This is done through speculative instruments. Hedge or mitigate risk in the underlying, and this is done by entering into a derivative contract whose value moves in the opposite direction to their underlying position and cancels part or all of it out. Obtain exposure to the underlying asset where it is not possible to trade in the underlying asset itself (example weather derivatives) Create optionality where the value of the derivative is linked to a specific condition or event (example the underlying reaching a specific price level) From the cases relating to fraud being analysed under question, it was noted that the derivatives mostly used were tho se relating to hedge risks and those used for speculation. For this reason, more information is listed hereunder on the two. Hedging is a technique that attempts to reduce risk. With this regard, derivatives can be considered a form of insurance. Derivatives allow risk about the price of the underlying asset to be transferred from one party to another. For example, a grape farmer and a wine maker could sign a futures contract to exchange a specified amount of cash for a specified amount of grapes in the future. Both parties have reduced a future risk: for the grape farmer, the uncertainty of the price, and for the wine maker, the availability of grapes. However, there is still the risk that no grapes will be available because of events unspecified by the contract, like the weather, or that one party will renege on the contract. From another perspective, the farmer reduces the risk that the price of grapes will fall below the price specified in the contract and acquires the ris k that the price of grapes will rise above the price specified in the contract (thereby losing additional income that he could have earned). The wine maker, on the other hand, acquires the risk that the price of grapes will fall below the price specified in the contract (thereby paying more in the future than he otherwise would) and reduces the risk that the price of grapes will rise above the price specified in the contract. With regards to speculation, derivatives can be used to acquire risk, rather than to insure or hedge against risk. Thus, some individuals and institutions will enter into a derivative contract to speculate on the value of the underlying asset, betting that the party seeking insurance will be wrong about the future value of the underlying asset. Speculators will want to be able to buy an asset in the future at a low price according to a derivative contract when the future market price is high, or to sell an asset in the future at a high price according to a d erivative contract when the future market price is low. Individuals and institutions may also look for arbitrage opportunities, as when the current buying price of an asset falls below the price specified in a futures contract to sell the asset. Criticisms on Derivatives Large Possible Losses The use of leverage or borrowing can result in large losses when using derivatives. This is because investors would be earning large returns from small movements in the underlying assets price. On the other hand the opposite may be the result if the price of the underlying assets moves against them significantly, causing the investors to lose large amounts. Counter-Party Risk Derivatives, especially swaps, expose investors to counter-party risk. A person wanting a fixed interest rate loan for his business, but finding that banks only offer variable rates may choose to swap payments with another business who wants a variable rate. However, if the second business goes bankrupt or if interest rates increase, the businesses will be adversely affected with possible causes of bankruptcy. Unsuitably high risk for small/inexperienced investors Derivatives pose unsuitably high amounts of risk for small or inexperienced investors. They are also attractive to individual investors because they offer possible high rewards. Speculating in derivatives require the investor to show adequate experience and market knowledge because of the dealings being made with high risks. Large estimated value There is the danger that the use of derivatives could result in losses which the investor wouldnt be able to compensate for because of the large values being estimated. When already in an economic crisis, the possibility of chain reactions increases. A famous investor, Warren Buffett  [1]  referred to derivatives as financial weapons of mass destruction. Distortions being created in the real capital and equity markets when using derivatives might lead to false decisions being taken. Benefits of Derivatives Derivatives facilitate the buying and selling of risk; and many people consider this to have a positive impact on the economic system. However, although when using derivatives someone loses money while someone else gains money, under normal circumstances, trading in derivatives should not adversely affect the economic system. Conclusion It was noted that a major factor leading to the growth of derivatives trading in currencies was the collapse of the Breton Woods agreement in 1971 and the resulting shift from a fixed to a floating exchange rate regime. There were those who argued that when derivatives are employed correctly, derivatives can be used to reduce risk, not increase it. As such, one can conclude that derivatives are only as dangerous as the hands they are placed in.

Macroeconomics The Fiscal Policy - 894 Words

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The basic idea is that because government spending contributes to the economy, changing the level of government spending can have an effect on the health of the economy. Hayek argued that government will inherently be less efficient with respect to economic planning and resource distribution. Note that this is not a direct refutation of Keynes, because Keynes does not argue that government is the best at resource allocation, only that government intervention is sometimes beneficial during difficult economic periods. Keynes is, if nothing else, lessShow MoreRelatedMacroeconomic Policy : Monetary And Fiscal Policy1030 Words   |  5 PagesMacroeconomic Policy: Monetary Fiscal Policy Monetary policy is used by the Fed to regulate the supply of money and credit in the economy. The purpose of monetary policy is to promote maximum employment, maintain the price of goods, and to control long-term interest rates to increase economic growth. 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The Documentary Stress Silent Killer - 1130 Words

The documentary â€Å"stress silent killer† was not only eye opening, but also enhanced the overall learning experience. As humans, we have a natural response to stress, and we cannot locate the off switch in regards to turning off the stress. Most often, we stress for no actual psychological purpose and we are doing so in a relentless manner. After time goes on the stress response turns out to be more impeding than the stressor itself. A definitive objective boils down to having the right type of stress because in the event that we do not involve the right kind of stress there are hazardous outcomes. This can incorporate increased heart rate, high blood pressure and a weak immune system. There is what we call â€Å"good† stress otherwise known as eustress and â€Å"bad† stress known as distress. Some good stresses I have participated in are going on rollercoasters and snowboarding and scary movies. I enjoy these stressors because I get the thrill but it safe controlled setting. 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Marketing & Entrepreneurship Creating Customer Value

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Entrepreneurshipfor Creating Customer Value. Answer: Introduction Creating Customer Value Building Relationships Marketing, in short, refers to the promoting of business and selling products and services through market research and advertising. It is based on the concept of choosing target markets through analysis and segmentation thereby understanding its influencing prospect over consumer behaviour. This provides a link between the material requirement and economic patterns and thus satisfies the needs and wants of the consumer through the developmental exchange process (Barrett Weinstein, 2015). It has built a long term relationship providing services to an applicable audience worldwide. Marketing has standout to be the most important influencer for peoples lives. Starting from buying the goods and services, purchase storing, its effect over a communication channel including TV, Radio, Television, Internet to drawing near the potential employers who have curricle themselves to fountain their rest under the marketing scope (Harker Lam, 2014). For the employer, this has paved an exciting car eer path driving out the area of specialization and letting a continuous flow over market dealing. Marketing plays an important role in economic growth through stimulating research and new ideas, providing choices as per products, and engaging in profit and non-profit companies, it has improved the standard of living. It has broadened its theory to macro and micro marketing. Market focus takes us back to its era of evolution. It was framed taking into account its trade analysis matter, production, oriented, sales, department, company, and society (Hacioglu et al., 2012). This concept led to the formation of a coordinated and integrated manner that satisfies customer intended goals. Taking the customer value the benefit perceived by the customer is the cost that it perceives when higher price makes acceptable the benefits. Again the competition in marketing cannot be ignored as it creates a superior value to compete. Relationships are building to maintain a long term retaining. There are particular links between marketing and other functions like finance, accounting, human resource, information systems, non-profit organizations, and other social responsibilities and marketing ethics. There are global aspects that impact on competition and opportunities (Ionit, 2012). Strategic Marketing Planning This context explains the brief discussion about marketing and their implied function. It details the strategic planning of marketing, its framework, the four Ps marketing mix, few briefing theory about marketing strategy, programs and difference between international and global strategy (Kraus et al., 2012). The four Ps strategy helps in organizing framework bring detailed decisions and creates an idea to all marketing decision to work together as a whole. Planning of market requires spelling out about the offers, target market and its time, resources needed, their expected results and controlled procedures (Lam Harker, 2013). These marketing plans have a structure to their strategic defining and tactics, budget, audit control procedures. They also frame target market and segmentation and lay various objectives and goals whereas the program helps in blending the companys marketing plan into a big plan. This requires effective building up process. Identifying Marketing Opportunities This resource is context to understand the searching techniques over opportunities, the effect of competitive pressures and their macro environment influences, screening, and evaluation of market strategy opportunity, and the logic for laying planning grids and matrix. The environmental forces deal with the implementation of direct marketing and external market. The company should have its objective in order to state its mission and generics activities. It enters into the competitive situation to engage in identifying pure competition, oligopoly, monopoly, monopolistic competition (Oly Ndubisi Iftikhar, 2012). Because of the marketing ix the company can set its market and understand current competitors offering. It also anticipates the likely plans and monitors effect as per the change in competition. There are few attractive opportunities like marketing strategic planning (finding attractive opportunities), various break through (enabling innovators to develop strategies) and compe titive advantage features (target market perceives marketing mix). Basically, these opportunities are market perception, product development, market development and diversification based upon the current and new market chosen (Ruiz, 2014). Again, the opportunities are crucial to evaluate as they carry different risks based upon the types discussed. Most useful ad or methodology are generated for evaluation like SWOT analysis (concerning to identify the strength, opportunities, weaknesses, and threats). Marketing Research Information Management Here there is a brief exploration to define and solve marketing problems, gather all primary and secondary data, find out the difference between qualitative and quantitative research and its methods. In market research, there are procedures to analyze information and make a marketing decision. It also focuses on new information and can be handled inside the company or by specialists. There is little scientific market research that should be combined with strategic planning which involves developing, testing and decision-making framework. The qualitative research seeks the depth, is opening ended, provide good ideas and is important in narrowing the research problem. This utilizes the sampling method for surveying, observation, and experimentation (Oly Ndubisi Iftikhar, 2012). The MIS or Marketing Information System organised the continuous flow of gathering and analysing of information. It is purely focused to make marketing better in decision making considering the specific informa tion required and then utilising the opportunities. Market Segmentation This case discusses the role of market segmentation, its varieties in the international market, basic approaches to market-oriented strategy and discussing its positioning and perceptual mapping. Understanding the market segment requires identifying and understanding the needs of particular groups and customers. It aims at the product segmentation over knowing the population. Segmentation involves its criteria over similar responses and segmentation dimensions. Few possible segmenting dimensions are based upon the Customer relation to their geography, age, sex, family, income and education; and the situation-related based upon benefits and consumption (Kraus et al., 2012). In the case of segmenting dimension, these are relevant to product and affect the purchase of a specific product or brand. There are few examples of segmentation dimensions like the type of customer, demographics, buying situation, kind of relationship and purchasing methods. Again the approach to the computer-base d method of segmenting involves clustering, customer databases, conjoint analysis framework. Over a broad product market, they fill the segment over the single target, multi target, and combined target. These are as per the selection to homogenous segments, selecting two or more segments and developed and combined marketing mix over single and combined. References Barrett, H. and Weinstein, A., 2015. Corporate entrepreneurship, the marketing mix, and business performance. InProceedings of the 1997 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 144-150). Springer International Publishing. Harker, M. and Lam, W., 2014. Marketing and entrepreneurship: an integrated view from the entrepreneurs perspective. Hacioglu, G., Eren, S.S., Eren, M.S. and Celikkan, H., 2012. The effect of entrepreneurial marketing on firms innovative performance in Turkish SMEs.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,58, pp.871-878. Ionit, D., 2012. Entrepreneurial marketing: A new approach for challenging times.Management Marketing,7(1), p.131. Kraus, S., Filser, M., Eggers, F., Hills, G.E. and Hultman, C.M., 2012. The entrepreneurial marketing domain: a citation and co-citation analysis.Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship,14(1), pp.6-26. Lam, W. and Harker, M.J., 2013. Marketing and entrepreneurship: An integrated view from the entrepreneur's perspective.International Small Business Journal, p.0266242613496443. Oly Ndubisi, N. and Iftikhar, K., 2012. Relationship between entrepreneurship, innovation and performance: Comparing small and medium-size enterprises.Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship,14(2), pp.214-236. Ruiz, J., 2014. Marketing capability, entrepreneurship and organizational innovation inhotel sector.Ecorfan Journal,5(12), pp.2109-2118.

Part 1 Gothic Fiction The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Flashcard

Part 1: Gothic Fiction: The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde

Influenced by Republicanism, but not a True Republican essays

Influenced by Republicanism, but not a True Republican essays Influenced by Republicanism, but not a True Republican The philosophy of a republican form of government was certainly not a creation of James Madison and the Federalists. The idea of such a government has been around since the beginning of political philosophy. While the definition has changed over the centuries, certain constants continue to define a strictly republican regime. The goals and priorities of a republic are distinct yet dissimilar from those of James Madisons philosophy. Generally, a republican government is defined as one which idealizes the public interests as the highest good and imposes a duty on each citizen to work toward the public interests before individual ones. Due to the influence of natural rights philosophers, Madisons ideas are not strictly republican despite the fact that he considers them to be so. Not long before Madison, a French philosopher named Montesquieu wrote several works about classical republicanism. One major claim he stood by was the age-old idea that political virtue means self-renunciation. In other words, the goal of politics is for individuals to devalue selfish interests and instead work to achieve the interests of the entire community. Montesquieu believed that a just government should ensure the interests of the public and pay little attention to the concerns of the individual. This type of virtue is similar to that of ancient philosophers Plato and Aristotle. While Madison strays from the goals of Montesquieus government, he adopts many of his ideas involving the creation of a just government that protects the public. Montesquieus emphasis on the separation of government into three divisions is an idea that Madison adapted in the Constitution. In the republican government, checks and balances are necessary to keep the government working for the people instead of the reverse. The wisest of men are to represent the pe...

Assess the significance of Judith Butler’s work

Assess the significance of Judith Butlers work The modern meaning of the word 'gender' emerged in the 1970s. Its original purpose was to draw a line between biological sex and how particular thoughts and behaviours could be defined as either 'feminine' or 'masculine' (Pilcher & Whelehan, 2004). The reason for using the word 'gender' was to raise awareness of the exaggeration of biological differences between men and women. The popularity of this meaning for the word 'gender' resulted from the efforts of second wave feminism in the 1970s. This essay examines how second wave feminism attempted to construct a 'grand narrative' of women's oppression. It then examines Judith Butler's contribution to post-modern feminist theory through her performative theory of gender and how this fits into post-modern feminist debates. A product of second wave feminism, which began around 1970, was the attempt to place women within a 'grand narrative' history of their oppression. One of the seminal writers on this narrative was Simone de Beauvoir. H er work in describing how women had become 'the other' in her book The Second Sex (de Beauvoir, 1961) laid the foundations for what was to come in the second wave of feminism (Gamble, 2002). De Beauvoir argues that the way in which men think about women is only in relation to their fantasies, that they have no substance of their own. Unfortunately, for de Beauvoir, women have come to accept men's fantasies of womanhood as constituting their own conception of themselves. For de Beauvoir, it was for women to conceive of themselves in their own terms, to take back the power themselves. A criticism of de Beauvoir's approach was that it tended to blame women for their current condition (Gamble, 2002). The second wave feminists of the 1970s, however, such as Millet (1970), pointed to patriarchy as the root cause of women's oppression. It is patriarchy, so Millet argued, that has become a political institution, and from this flows all the other forms of women's oppression. Firestone (197 0) also took a strong line against patriarchy, equating women's oppression to a caste or class system. Ideological support for patriarchy, in Firestone's view, has come from institutions such as the family, marriage along with romantic love. These ideas are referred to as constructing a 'grand narrative', a way of charting the history and development of particular ideas, in this case women's oppression (MacNay, 1997). One of the problems that much feminist thought has come up against in trying to provide a 'grand narrative' of women's oppression is that it is difficult to effectively give all women a common identity (Whelehan, 1995). If the very idea of gender flows from cultural origins, then it is only natural to conclude that gender has different meanings in different cultural contexts. How then can a common identity be posited? Other critics such as Richards (1982), examining second wave feminism from a liberal perspective, have seen it as a movement that has failed. Richards se es many of the feminist approaches as being extreme and unattractive, and not focussing, as she sees it, on rational debate. She criticises feminists for utilising 'eccentric' arguments which do not conform to the normative expectations of philosophical debate. Further, she criticises feminism for ignoring the obvious differences between men and women – such as women's ability to have children – and thereby presenting an unrealistic picture of utopian gender relations.

GDP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

GDP - Essay Example Firstly, it fails to include harmful side effects in its calculations. For instance, economic â€Å"bads† like pollution are excluded in GDP statistics. This, therefore, implies that GDP fails to take into account the social well-being of individuals as it ignores activities that affect people’s living standards. Secondly, GDP fails to take into account leisure or human costs as well as the revenue that is generated during such times. Additionally, no consideration is given to how hard individual work to produce output (Mankiw, 2012). The GDP measure also fails to take into accounts things such as love, volunteering, vibrant and supportive community and friendships even though they contribute to social well-being of individuals. Finally, GDP statistics does not take into account underground economy. These are cash transactions that occur outside of recorded marketplaces, and they can be both legal and illegal. Legal ones are undertaken to avoid taxes while illegal ones include trafficking in illegal drugs (Baumol & Blinder, 2011).   Yes, economic growth and productivity can align to Saint Leos Core Values. For instance, a country needs to put in place some policies in order to achieve high economic growth. First, the citizens need to be responsible stewards. They need to use the resources they are endowed with efficiently, effectively and economically. By putting the little resources they may be endowed with to maximum use, they will ensure that there are little or no wastages at all. Secondly, the country’s leadership should be of high integrity. This will ensure that the country excels economically and lives its goals by being consistent in economic performance. Finally, an increase in GDP indicates an economic growth that in turn results in a collective growth in well-being. Leaders should strive to create a socially responsible environment that is able to challenge every

Climate change reflection (2 pages) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Climate change reflection (2 pages) - Assignment Example The technologies available to reduce carbon emissions include the use of carbon capture technology that is well known from their use in oil recovery. Here, carbon dioxide is separated from other gases that exist in a power plant. Alternatively, it may be captured in its early stage before the energy is generated. This is also referred to as pre-combustion. Pre-combustion share technologies with solid fuels like coal and coke. In addition, the technologies use to remove impurities from syngas is the same as the technology used to remove carbon dioxide from a mixture of carbon dioxide and water. Moreover, the use of nuclear power to reduce carbon is another technology to be used. This is because it displaces electricity from coal as well as replaces electricity from natural gas (Oosterhuis, 2014). Some of the policies that can be used to regulate carbon include the use of cap-and-trade system whereby the system constraints the emissions of regulated sources by coming up with a limited of emission allowances. In addition, most prefer surrendering an allowance to cover up the emission. This is because it reflects the cost of the emission reduction. Moreover, in countries that are developing, it is the role of the policy makers to decide on the allowances to issue as well as the sources covered by the cap. Additionally, an emission-reduction-credit reduces the production of carbon by awarding tradable credits for certified reductions. The use of the clean energy standards is also vital as it establishes a technology-oriented goal that is implemented cost effectively. Lastly eliminating fossil fuel subsidies helps in getting the carbon price right to deliver incentives for efficiency (Jennings, 2007). The role of various countries in the reduction of carbon is by the use of strategic mechanisms for example, the use of clean development mechanism to

Flappers Essay example -- American History Essays

Flappers When one thinks of flappers, the first thing that comes to mind is the image of a woman dressed much like Julie Andrews in Thoroughly Modern Millie, bobbed hair, fringed low-waisted dress, flat-chested and highly made up face. This, though a stereotype is close to the truth. In the 20’s after the first world war women’s roles in society began to change, primarily because they started becoming more independent – both in their dress and action. They started to defy what was considered to be appropriate feminine behavior and along with those actions came new fashions. The sleek, boyish look became popular and women began to wear lower waistlines, higher hemlines, sleeveless dresses that showed off their arms, long strands of pearls and rolled down pantyhose to show their knees. Women who had larger breasts even went so far as to bind them down to fit into the flat-chested ideal of beauty. The â€Å"in† look now was boyish, much in contrast to the feminine big skirted, shirtwaisted dresses of their mothers’ age. Women began to gain the independence and social liberties that men had always possessed, they wanted to physically display their newly gained freedoms. Short hair, first as a bob, later as a slicked down â€Å"shingle† that curled above the ears emphasized the new androgynous look women were trying to obtain. These â€Å"modern† women asserted their independence by going out dancing, moving to the city alone, drinking even during prohibition, flirting and having love affairs. After gaining so much independence in World War I when men were away across the ocean, many women resisted the idea that they should now return to the kitchen, the rise of the flapper came out of this new concept of feminism and... ...elf sufficient, sexy, and powerful were all so appealing to the women who had been oppressed for years in the past that society had to change entirely to accommodate them. Sources http://home.earthlink.net/~rbotti/ Flapper Station, information on flapper culture, ties to sites with pictures of vintage flapper clothing http://www.geocities.com/flapper_culture/ Flapper Culture, first person articles about the age, literary ties in the age and many details about the decade of decadence. http://home.earthlink.net/~dlarkins/slang-pg.htm The Internet Guide to Jazz Age Slang, jazz dictionary for terms like â€Å"applesauce† and â€Å"petting party† Mowry, George Edwin, The Twenties: Fords, Flappers, and Fanatics, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall, 1963 Melman, Billie, Women and the Popular Imagination in the Twenties: Flappers and Nymphs, Macmillan Press, 1988

Employee Motivation Essay

Abstract. Employee motivation is the psychological feature that arouses an employee to behave in a certain manner for accomplishing certain organizational goals. Individuals differ in motivation along three parameters viz. self-esteem, need for achievement, and intrinsic motivation. There has been a growing emphasis on employee’s needs rather than just organizational needs, and recognition of the strategic value of employees being developed to their best potential. Organizations have become increasingly aware that the effective development of their employees’ skills and knowledge has benefits for the whole organization. Performance appraisal can be a crucial factor in the setting of career goals and the perception of job satisfaction leading to increased motivation and productivity. The paper examines employee motivation at the workplace. What is Motivation? Motivation is based on emotions. It is the search for positive emotional experiences and the avoidance of negative emotional experiences. Motivation is involved in the performance of all learned responses. It is a behavior that will not occur unless it is triggered. In general, psychologists question whether motivation is a primary or secondary influence on behavior. For example, is the behavior stemmed from personality, emotion perception, and memory or if motivation stems from concepts that are unique. Each year, billions of dollars are spent on motivation courses by large companies. The course involves training in motivation, meetings to boost motivation, incentives to strengthen motivation, meetings to analyze problems in the workplace motivation, tools to measure motivation mission statements, etc. These training sessions also include how to cope with problems in recruitment, productivity and retention, problems of commitment to teams and corporate agendas. Motivation is extremely important to success and to reach personal and business goals that one has set. Ethics Employees must learn to work together towards common goals. Employees must have an understanding of the organization as a whole and how they fit into the organization. They will most likely need training to acquire the knowledge needed for organizational understanding. Once an understanding of the organization and their role in it has been established, the employee with act on the goals set forth. Management must show the employee the need for their being there and for their output and input. The top to bottom role should be fair and there must be a clear code of corporate ethics. There must be communication between all levels, top to bottom, bottom to top. No employee should be left out. Management should ensure that their employees feel secure and they can be trusted and are equals among their peers. Performance should be viewed as a learning experience, not a horrific experience. Appraisals The annual performance review is one of the most feared and fearful processes that leaves employees angry and depressed as opposed to motivated to perform better. Companies have started to look at the appraisal as a more developmental approach to performance evaluation, instead of making the employee feel more insecure about their job performance. By using this technique, it would emphasize on giving employees the skills they need to perform effectively. The goal of a plan such as this would be to achieve goals that have been set by the company and be appraised on how many of those goals they have reached. Goals should be clear and sufficient to motivate employees into action. Business performance will improve by using an effective appraisal system. By defining clear objectives, the employees will be able to focus on the specified task and company goals. Appraisals help the employees feel that their good work is recognized and that they are valued. It also provides an opportunity to discuss concerns and weaknesses that the employee may have and suggestions may be made to find a solution to the problem. Motivation Techniques In order to motivate employees, they must know what is expected of them. Employees must have a clear understanding of challenges and realistic goals that they must meet. Employees that are encouraged to healthy competition ensure that the criteria for successes are clear and do not encourage resentment or low morale. Tough approaches, like firing staff that are not working to their full potential, can motivate other employees to do work better and strive for those goals that have been set. There is no perfect way to motivate staff. Some psychologists hold that financial bonuses or perks will be enough to motivate employees to give their best effort. Competition between employees is also commonly used as a motivation strategy at times. However, the keys to effective employees are motivation strategies that provide a range of incentives that appeal to the different personalities of the employees. While one individual may be driven by money, another may find job satisfaction or creative opportunities more powerful factors. Some company employee motivation techniques suggest that most employees respond to the same incentives. Money is most commonly used to improve motivation, staff retention and ambition. Everyone is different and has their own view about what is important to their life. For this reason, there are steps that can be used to motivate employees by doing things that they value and mean doing the right thing. They are as follows: Find the right job for the right person Empower Employees Co-operation vs. Competition Involve employees in company development When staff feel secure and nurtured in their work environment they perform  better. These steps help employees feel secure in their environment: Praise and recognition of the employee’s successes as much as you constructively criticize them. Let employees be aware of their job security. Be a Leader to staff. Create a comfortable working environment. Treat employees fairly. Mangers are responsible for overseeing employees who are engaged in work or learning tasks. Managers must be aware that some employees participate more out of interest in the task than others are. Others gain their satisfaction principally out the way in which their performance on the task leads to rewards like pay or status. But typically there is a mixture of motives for which a range of different incentives is relevant. Most employees will find at least some satisfaction in simply doing the work. The balance of these intrinsic and extrinsic sources of satisfaction varies from one person to another and between different situations. Some people indeed are highly motivated by both intrinsic interest and extrinsic rewards. Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation Most employees understand intrinsic satisfaction or intrinsic motivation, when an activity is satisfying or pleasurable in and of itself. These activities are things employees like and want to do. For most people, intrinsically enjoyable activities are things like eating, resting, laughing, playing games, winning, creating, seeing and hearing beautiful things and people, and so on. To do these things people do not need to be paid, applauded, cheered, thanked, respected, or anything. They do them for the good feelings that are automatically and naturally received from the activity. Intrinsic rewards also involve pleasurable internal feelings or  thoughts, like feeling proud or having a sense of mastery following studying hard and succeeding in a class. Many, maybe most, activities are not intrinsically satisfying enough to get most of people to do them consistently, so extrinsic motivation needs to be applied in the form of rewards, incentives, or as a way to avoid some unpleasant condition. There are many activities that are intrinsically satisfying to some people but not to other people. This diversity suggests that past experiences can have a powerful influence on determining what is intrinsically satisfying to an individual. In many activities, intrinsically satisfying aspects combine with extrinsic pay offs. For example, employees and people in general, intrinsically enjoy conversing and, at the same time, they get attention, praise, support and useful information. In this case where intrinsic and extrinsic motivations are mixed, one might suppose that over a period of time the accompanying extrinsic reinforcements gradually increase our intrinsic enjoyment of the activity and perhaps vice versa. Extrinsic Motivation Extrinsic Motivation comes from without, such as money, titles, honors, trophies or a date. Extrinsic motivation has been found to destroy intrinsic motivation. Presently there is a movement to eliminate extrinsic motivation from schools, hospitals, and government. Extrinsic Motivation can be based on the phrase, â€Å"Do this, and get this.† Methods of Extrinsic Motivation are sometimes controversial. Some argue that employees view their work as a form of punishment and the paycheck is their reward. Extrinsic rewards tend to focus attention more narrowly and to shorten time perspectives, which may result in more efficient production of predefined or standardized products. Job satisfaction and long term commitment to a task may also be affected. Management first thinks about rewarding employees with money as an effective reward. Unfortunately, money will not always motivate employees to perform better or stay with the company longer. Not everyone thinks money makes the  world go round. Intrinsic Motivation Intrinsic motivation is the satisfaction in which the rewards come from carrying out an activity rather from a result of the activity. Employees that are intrinsically motivated tend to be more aware of a wide range of phenomena, while giving careful attention to complexities, inconsistencies, novel events and unexpected possibilities. They need time and freedom to make choices, to gather and process information, and have an appreciation of well finished and integrated products, all of which may lead to a greater depth of learning and more creative output. Intrinsic Motivation is the outcome of a work situation that employees enjoy. It comes from inside of the employee. Employees feel that they are in charge and that they have the opportunity to acquire new skills and abilities to match a different challenge. Employees also feel that they are a part of a successful team. When rewards, such as praise, are based on performance standards that imply one is doing well and performing competently, then the intrinsic interest increases. People like to be told they are doing well. Intrinsic Motivation is an emotional preference that gives pleasure and enjoyment. It stems from a strong emotional interest in an activity. It can be classified as a sense of freedom. Theories. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Abraham Maslow is considered as the father of Humanistic Psychology. Humanistic Psychology incorporates both Behavioral and Psychoanalytical Psychology. Maslow, although he studied both types of Psychology, he rejected the idea that human behavior is controlled by only internal and external factor. Maslow, instead, based his Motivation Theory on the basis that â€Å"man’s behavior is controlled by both internal and external factors.† (pp. ) He also emphasized that humans have the ability to make choices and  exercise free will. Maslow collected data for his theories by studying individuals with an outstanding presence. His studies led him to believe that certain people have needs which are unchanging and genetic. Some needs are more basic than others are and others are more powerful than others are. As these needs are satisfied, new needs are created and other needs emerge. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is as follows: Basic Needs: Physiological; The need for sleep and rest, food, drink, shelter, sex, and oxygen. Safety; The need to be safe from harm. The need for a predictable world with consistency. The need for fairness, routine, and a sense of stability and security. Growth Needs Love and Belonging: The need for love and affectionate relationships, belonging to a group, and caring. Esteem (two components): Self-respect: The desire for confidence, competence, adequacy, achievement, and mastery. Respect of others: The desire for acceptance, recognition, reputation, appreciation, status, and prestige. Understanding and Knowledge: The needs to satisfy curiosity, explore, discover, find solutions, look for relationships and meaning, and seek intellectual challenges. Aesthetics: The need for beauty in surroundings. Self-actualization: The need for growth, development and utilization of potential, becoming all that one can be; self-fulfillment. McGregor’s X and Y Theories Two theories of human behavior at work were developed by Douglas McGregor. Theory X and Theory Y. McGregor did not indicate that workers would be type X or type Y. He saw the two types as extremes, with various possible behaviors in between. Theory X workers would be described an individuals who dislike work and avoid work when possible. They also lack ambition and do not like responsibility and prefer to be followers instead of leaders. These individuals also have a desire for feeling secure. Theory Y workers are individuals that could be characterized as individuals who did not dislike work and are considered responsible. These workers consider work as play or a rest time. For Theory Y workers, management would need to challenge the individual and create a working environment where they can show and develop their creativity. With Theory X, receiving rewards motivates the individuals. Keller’s ARCS Theory of Motivation John M. Keller designed four conditions for an employee to be motivated. Attention, relevance, confidence, and satisfaction (ARCS) are these conditions that when an employee uses them, they will become more motivated to do their tasks and reach goals set by themselves or others. Keller suggests that ARCS must happen in sequence. By following the ARCS order, it will keep the employee interested in the topic. If it were to lose its sequential order, then interest will be lost and motivation would not take  place. This motivation theory argues that events that fulfill personal needs or goals will enhance performance and effort put forth by the employee. Each of Keller’s conditions build upon the next condition. The management should keep these conditions in mind when designing goals and assigning tasks. The Conditions set by Keller are as follows: Attention: The first and single most important aspect of the ARCS model. It is gaining and keeping the employees attention. Keller’s strategies for attention include sensory stimuli, question provocation, and variability. Relevance: Attention and motivation will not be maintained unless the employee believes the training is relevant. The training program should answer the critical question, â€Å"What’s in it for me?† Benefits should be clearly stated. For a sales training program, the benefit might be to help representatives increase their sales and personal commissions. For a safety-training program, the benefit might be to reduce the number of workers getting hurt. For a software-training program, the benefit to users could be to make them more productive or reduce their frustration with an application. Confidence: The confidence aspect is required so that the employee feels that they should put a good faith effort into the organization. If they think they are incapable of achieving the objectives or that it will take too much time or effort, their motivation will decrease. In technology-based training programs, employees should be given estimates of the time required to complete the task or a measure of their progress through the program. Satisfaction: The last is Satisfaction. The employee must obtain some type of satisfaction or reward for achieving the goal or finishing a task. This can be in the form of praise from a supervisor, a raise, or a promotion. If managers are to use this Theory of Motivation, they must address adequate  examples and/or choices for their employees to be available to complete the task or reach a goal. Some employees may be active learners and enjoy experimentation. Some employees may be reflective learners and are more in tune with observing and lectures. These styles must be taken into consideration in order for the employee to feel motivated and be able to help the organization. There are currently thousands of articles on employee motivation research that has evolved from the early work of Maslow, Keller and McGregor. The application of these theories into new communication situations, like the Internet, will be an important contribution for generations to come. Benefits of Motivation Employees It is important that employees are motivated to work hard and increase productivity. Yet some workers are not reaching their full potential. Managers need to be proactive and start or improve existing motivation programs. Employees are aware of what their employers are or aren’t doing to recognize their efforts. The time it takes to set up a program is minimal, program administration is easy and efficient with automated program tracking and reporting. The end result is a program tailored specifically to the needs of the company. To develop a successful motivation program that benefits a company the following suggestions may be helpful: Specific goals that provide a strong sense of motivation and are expected to be obtained. Equity for all participants. Employees perceiving inequity may lower productivity. High perceived value so the participant becomes emotionally involved in obtaining the goal. Employee involvement during the development of the program and timely feedback to employees continuing throughout the program. Employee motivation is the responsibility of the company and its managers. The company must create a workplace that is full of culture and high achievers in order for the business to improve. Recognition, appreciation and rewards are crucial to employee motivation. A pat on the back or a mention of thanks can literally move mountains. Productivity rises for employees that are rewarded for the work they do. A company’s reputation and productivity increases with employees that feel appreciated. Recognition keeps communication open. It is important to keep communication alive with staff. By opening the lines of communication and staying in touch with the employees it will keep you in touch with their needs and desires. Create an atmosphere of cooperation, and give credit where credit is due. In return, the company will have employees that will go the extra hundred miles, and the returns will be tenfold. When an employee is passionate about their involvement and contributions, there will be no limit to the success that can be achieved. Bibliography Pandy, Wayne. (2001) Safety Incentives & Recognition. Creating an Achievement Based Safety Culture. Retrieved September 18, 2004 from http://siri.uvm.edu/ppt/csseincentive/sld030.htm Captain Webb, Bob. (2001) Developing productive skills through self-discovery. Retrieved September 18, 2004 from http://www.motivation-tools.com/ Accel Team. (2004) Motivation. Retrieved from http://www.accel- team.com/motivation/index.html Accel Team. (2004) Theorists and their Theories. Retrieved from http://www.accel- team.com/motivation/theory_01.html Carnegie, Dale. (1981). How to Win Friends & Influence People; Be a Leader: How to Change People Without Giving Offense or Arousing Resentment (pp. 205-243). New York, NY: Pocket Books. Faculty of Information Studies. (1995) Motivation Theories. University of Toronto Retrieved from http://choo.fis.utoronto.ca/FIS/Courses/LIS1230/LIS1230sharma/motive1.htm

Cold Relationships A Lack Of Marital Felicity Essay

Cold Relationships: A Lack of Marital Felicity in The Winter’s Tale The patriarchal and patrilineal society of Shakespeare’s era often made it difficult for women to be on the same level as men in terms of property, money, and rights. What is not often mentioned is the way in which even male-male relationships were glorified as well. In a society which thought males to be the best gender, it is not surprising that male friendships would be put above that of even the marriage of a man and wife. William Shakespeare and Mario DiGangi explore this concept in Shakespeare’s play, The Winter’s Tale and ensuing critical essays, respectively. Shakespeare sets up this concept through the glorification of the friendship (or, possibly more than a friendship) between Polixenes and Leontes as well as inferiorizing all feminized characters in the play. Through these marital fissures, Shakespeare’s play—along with DiGangi’s secondary essays—shows that conjugal happiness is nearly impossible in his society for Hermione and Leontes, furthering the divide between men and women. The problem of conjugal fault lines in The Winter’s Tale first appears in the glorification of male-male relationships in the play. Most notably is the way in which King Leontes’ and King Polixenes’ relationship with each other is not only idealized but a veil is also put over it, one in which allows them to have a semi-homosexual relationship while being idealized for their strong bond. The first act brings mention of