Animal Farm Essays - British Films, Cold War Films, Allegory

Animal Farm Essays - British Films, Cold War Films, Allegory Animal Farm by George Orwell is a novel based on the lives of a society of animals living on the Manor Farm. Although the title of the book suggests the book is merely about animals, the story is a much more in depth analysis of the workings of society in Communist Russia. The animals are used as puppets to illustrate how the communist class system operated and how Russian citizens responded to this. And also how propaganda was used by early Russian leaders such as Stalin, and the effort this type of leadership had on the behavior of the people of Russia. One thing which relates to the topic is how pigs are favored on Animal Farm. The main source for this was because their leader, Napoleon, was a pig. The pigs were subject to favoritism by Napoleon, and were subject to privileges that other animals were not given. Privileges such as sleeping in beds, wearing clothes, and drinking beer. The pigs were the only animals involved in making the vital decisions on Animal Farm. The fact emulates in a way how our government tends to operate. The Government Party members are paid an exorbitant amount of money. With this money, the members of government can purchase costly cars and houses if they wish to do so. They make all the important decisions about the country where as the tax payers rarely take say in it. Another thing that Animal Farm and modern society have in common is that the powerless people are subject to propaganda. In Animal Farm, Squealer and Napoleon used propaganda by telling the animals that Snowball was a traitor, thus convincing them that he was a criminal. They threatened that if Napoleon wasnt in leadership, Jones may come back. This happens in our society during election period. The opposing parties all warn the public of the consequences of voting the other party into power. The issue of Boxer, the horse, represents how people are used for their skills and talents. As soon as they are no longer needed, theyre disregarded. Boxer was the hardest worker on the farm, constantly chanting Napoleon is always right, and I will work harder. He contributed the most to the development of the windmill. As soon as Boxer was unable to continue working, Napoleon got rid of him. Boxers face disappeared at the window boxer was never seen again. This scene illustrates that Animal Farm is a story about human nature, as it is a human tendency to use people to achieve certain means, but disregard them as soon as they are no longer needed. Clovers feeling for Boxer also illustrates how Animal Farm is about human nature and behavior. Clovers fondness for Boxer showed when Boxer confides in clover, admitting to her how much his split hoof hurt. Clover treated Boxers troubled hoof with poultices of herbs. After Boxers hoof had healed, he worked harder than ever. Clover tried to convince Boxer he shouldnt be working so hard and should be taking better care of his health, but Boxer paid no attention. When Boxer had his fall, Clover was first to come to his aid. For the next two days, Boxer had to stay in his stall. Clover would give him his medicine and in the evenings, she laid in his stall to talk to him. When the knackers came to get Boxer, Clover did all in her power to stop them from taking Boxer away. This example of behavior indicates the human quality of love and compassion towards others.

Pros and Cons of a Closed Shop in the Workplace

Pros and Cons of a Closed Shop in the Workplace If you decide to go to work for a company that tells you it operates under a â€Å"closed shop† arrangement, what does that mean to you and how might it affect your future employment? The term closed shop refers to a business that requires all workers to join a particular labor union as a precondition of being hired and to remain a member of that union during the entire term of their employment. The purpose of a closed shop agreement is to guarantee that all workers observe the union rules, such as paying monthly dues, taking part in strikes and work-stoppages, and accepting the terms of wage and working conditions approved by the union leaders in collective bargaining agreements with company management. Key Takeaways: Closed Shop â€Å"Closed shops† are businesses that require all of their workers to join a labor union as a precondition of employment and to remain members of the union in order to keep their jobs. The opposite of a closed shop is an â€Å"open shop.†Closed shops are allowed under the 1935 National Labor Relations Act, intended to prevent businesses from engaging in labor practices that harm workers.  While union membership offers workers advantages, such as the power to negotiate for higher wages and better working conditions, it also has potential  drawbacks. Similar to a closed shop, a â€Å"union shop,† refers to a business that requires all workers to join the union within a specified length of time after they are hired as a condition of their continued employment. At the other end of the labor spectrum is the â€Å"open shop,† which does not require its workers to join or financially support a union as a condition of hiring or continued employment. History of the Closed Shop Arrangement The ability of companies to enter into closed shop arrangements was one of the many workers’ rights provided by the federal National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) - popularly called the Wagner Act - signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on July 5, 1935. The NLRA protects the rights of workers to organize, bargain collectively, and prevent management from taking part in labor practices that might interfere with those rights. To the benefit of businesses, the NLRA prohibits certain private sector labor and management practices, which could harm workers, businesses, and ultimately the U.S. economy. Immediately after enactment of the NLRA, the practice of collective bargaining was not viewed favorably  by businesses or the courts, which considered the practice to be illegal and anti-competitive. As courts began to accept the legality of labor unions, the unions began to assert greater influence over hiring practices, including the requirement for closed shop union membership.   The surging economy and growth of new businesses following World War II spurred a backlash against union practices. In reaction, Congress passed the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947, which banned closed and union shop arrangements unless authorized by a majority of the workers in a secret vote. In 1951, however, this provision of Taft-Hartley was amended to allow union shops without a vote of the majority of the workers.   Today, 28 states have enacted so-called â€Å"Right to Work† laws, under which employees in unionized workplaces may not be required to either join the union or pay union dues in order to receive the same benefits as dues-paying union members. However, state-level Right to Work laws do not apply to industries that operate in interstate commerce such as trucking, railroads and airlines. Pros and Cons of Closed Shop Arrangements Justification of the closed shop arrangement is built on the unions’ belief that only through unanimous participation and â€Å"united we stand† solidarity can they ensure the fair treatment of workers by company management. Despite its promised benefits to workers, union membership has decreased notably since the late 1990s. This is largely attributable to the fact that while closed shop union membership offers workers several advantages such as higher wages and better benefits, the unavoidably complex nature of the unionized employer-employee relationship means that those advantages can be largely wiped out by their potential negative impact. Wages, Benefits, and Working Conditions Pros: The process of collective bargaining empowers unions to negotiate higher wages, improved benefits and better working conditions for their members. Cons: The higher wages and enhanced benefits that often won in union collective bargaining negations can drive a business’s costs to dangerously high levels. Companies that become unable to pay the costs associated with union labor are left with options that can harm both consumers and workers. They may raise the prices of their goods or services to consumers. They may also outsource jobs to lower-paid contract workers or stop hiring new union employees, resulting in a workforce that is unable to handle the workload.   By forcing even unwilling workers to pay union dues, leaving their only option being to work somewhere else, the closed shop requirement can be viewed as an infringement of their rights. When a union’s initiation fees become so high that they effectively bar new members from joining, employers lose their privilege of hiring competent new workers or firing incompetent ones. Job Security Pros: Union employees are guaranteed a voice - and a vote - in the affairs of their workplace. The union represents and advocates for the employee in disciplinary actions, including terminations. Unions typically fight to prevent worker layoffs, hiring freezes, and permanent staff reductions, thus resulting in greater job security. Cons: The protection of union intervention often makes it hard for companies to discipline, terminate or even promote employees. Union membership can be influenced by cronyism, or a â€Å"good-old-boy† mentality. Unions ultimately decide who does and who does not become a member. Particularly in unions that accept new members only through union-approved apprenticeship programs, gaining membership can become more about â€Å"who† you know and less about ​â€Å"what† you know. Power In the Workplace Pros: Drawing from the old adage of â€Å"power in numbers,† union employees have a collective voice. In order to remain productive and profitable, companies are compelled to negotiate with employees on workplace-related issues. Of course, the ultimate example of the power of union workers is their right to halt all production through strikes. Cons: The potentially adversarial relationship between the union and management - us vs. them - creates a counterproductive environment. The combative nature of the relationship, spiked by constant threats of strikes or work slowdowns, promotes hostility and disloyalty in the workplace rather than cooperation and collaboration. Unlike their non-union counterparts, all union workers are forced to take part in strikes called by a majority vote of the membership. The result is lost income for the workers and lost profit for the company. In addition, strikes rarely enjoy public support. Especially if striking union members are already better paid than non-union workers, striking can make them appear to the public as greedy and self-serving. Finally, strikes in critical public sector agencies such as law enforcement, emergency services, and sanitation can create dangerous threats to public health and safety.

Edwards V. Aguillard Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Edwards V. Aguillard - Research Paper Example From these experiments and results, it was found logically to say that man evolved from apes. Theories were created that proved these points. Then another science came into view: the creation science. With the creation science, it was argued that man was created by a supreme being, and that was the origin that proved somewhat true. Over the years, scholars have argued about the existence and origin of man. Some have supported the evolution theory while others have supported the creation science. In this particular essay, attention will be focused on a case that was ruled by the supreme court in 1987. It was between Edwards and Aguillard. Edwards supported the evolution theory while Aguillard supported the creation science theory. By the end of it all, the court had ruled that both creation science and evolution be taught in public schools. A law was created for this purpose, which received much opposition from schools that were affected by this law. The argument was that if creationi sm was taught in public schools, it would be unconstitutional since it would attempt to make a particular religion more advanced than the other. (Scott 199). With both theories about creation at hand, the main cause of concern was that one cannot be taught while the other is not. This would mean that if, say, creationism was taught and evolution was not, then students would dwell more about the knowledge on how people came to exist based on the creation theory (Jacobs, 33). They would not have come to know of a theory that taught the origin of man through evolution. In such a case, only one particular religion would be promoted and instilled in the young minds of students. A major question that people should ask themselves is: If one religion is taught in a public school science class, why cannot other theories about the development and origins of life also be taught in the same school? It was a biased move – one which would enable the existence and knowledge of one particula r discipline while extinguishing the other (Scott 212). The major conflict was between the Creationism Act and its agreement with the Establishment Clause (Brownstein 15). The Creationism Act was such that it forbade the teaching of the evolution theory in public schools unless the teaching of creation science was also involved. At the time, there was no need for any of the theories to be taught in schools, but the Act stated that should one be present, the other should be present too. This meant that the only way evolution would be taught was by the inclusion of instructions from creation science. This, from any other view, indicated that one was nonsexist if the other was not in existence either. From this argument, it was viewed that this promoted creation science more than it did evolution (Young and Strode 232). It was more of promoting a religious doctrine that taught about the existence of life from a Christian point of view. So as to show that the Creationism Act catered for the best interests of students in schools, it was argued that both were the evidence proven scientifically, which dealt with creation and evolution, and there were also inferences from that scientific evidence (Haynes 40). Beyond doubt, both were to go side by side in science classes, and as it seemed, academic freedom was present. Academic freedom is the choice to

Prevention of Sepsis in the Clinical Setting Research Paper

Prevention of Sepsis in the Clinical Setting - Research Paper Example Similar treatments are used for the cure of both sepsis and septicemia since both of them are normally associated with the presence of aggressive bacteria in the body system of a patient. This requires treatment using strong antibiotics to fight the infection. Patients may also be admitted in ICU for a while so as to monitor the treatment of the infection. Patients suffering from sepsis may experience multi-organ failure since the inflammation spreads and generates a cascading sequence of medical problems as the body tries to fight off the infection (Brozanski, 2003). Prevention of Sepsis There is a common term people in the medical field love to use and it goes, â€Å"Prevention is better than cure.† This is quite true since curing an infection is expensive both on the hospital and the patient. It requires a use of resources that would otherwise be used for other reasons. This therefore calls for infection control a discipline that targets the prevention of healthcare-related infections. There are a number of factors that may lead to the spread of infections in a clinical setting. The infections maybe from patient to patient, from staff to patient, from patient to staff, and from staff to staff (Dyson & Singer, January 2009). There are a number of ways of preventing sepsis, but the most common and effective way is by ensuring hand hygiene, and this is done by constant hand washing. Hand washing In the clinical setting, hand washing is commonly known as the primary weapon of fighting infections. The main reason for hand washing is to reduce microbial in the healthcare setting so as to reduce the risk of nosocomial infections. Hand hygiene may be a major problem in gigantic health facilities in which several patients are treated and in rapid succession. Infection control is meant to reduce the spread of infection and provide a safe environment for every patient (Riedeman, Guo, & Ward, 2003). This has become extremely necessary due to the emergence of anti biotic resistant organisms. Examples of antibiotic resistant microorganisms include methicilin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE). It is vital to note that there is evidence that shows that removal of antibiotic resistant organisms (AROs) from the hands by washing with detergent or soap and water is less effective than by the use of an antiseptic agent. For that reason, an antiseptic agent must be used in high risk areas within the clinic, with high risk patients especially those suffering from immune-deficient diseas

In what ways has technology ended the physical and intellectual Essay

In what ways has technology ended the physical and intellectual isolation of Americans - Essay Example Young students today have trouble grasping the idea that the human race had lived without modern communication gadgets, CD’s and computers but our current technology levels had to start somewhere, and most historians agree that the Industrial Revolution was the instigator of improved technologies in communication, agriculture, transportation and energy. Although America’s industrial revolution started slightly later than in Britain (first half of the 19th century) the impact was quickly felt as people moved from agricultural lifestyles into the cities to work in manufacturing and trade (Duiker, 2005). One of the biggest impacts of the Industrial Revolution in America was the establishment of infrastructure (Bowles, 2011). In terms of size America was a lot larger than Britain so for the other technological advances to mean anything people and goods need to be moved around. From 1830 America started building thousands of miles of roads and canals linking one side of the country to the other. Steamboats transported goods on the Great Lakes as well as coastal waters. But the crowning glory of the time was the railroad system. More than 27,000 miles of railroad tracks were laid in the thirty years from the 1830’s. ... hanks to Henry Ford Americans not only wanted a car, they could afford to buy one and this one innovation alone had a huge impact on the way American’s lived, played and worked (Ford, 1922). America’s technological advances also increased its food production. New methods of planting and harvesting crops meant that America had a surplus of food to sell and crops like corn and potatoes were being sent as far away as China. But it was in the industrial area that America really shined in the early 1900’s. Steel companies were producing massive amounts of products and as the expansion of trade increased, did the need for workers and so by 1900 40% of America’s population lived in urban areas (Bowles, 2011). The technological advances were not without their challenges however, especially when it came to aspects like the quality of life for those people who had moved into urban areas so that they could work. In 1890 for example it was found that only 9% of Americ ans shared in 71% of the wealth. There were complaints about working conditions which were almost cruel by today’s standards and racism was still an equally huge issue. Slavery might have been abolished but negative attitudes about African Americans and Native Americans were still widespread (Bartells, 2008). The Progressive Era as it was called was the government’s response to the plight that affected such a large proportion of the population – low wages, high unemployment, atrocious working conditions, plus a lack of decent housing, healthcare and education. At first the initiatives were done at a state level (Noggle, 1966). This included some state governments bringing in laws to help reduce or regulate the number of hours a person could work, regulating wages and improving work conditions especially

Causes and Effects of Lung Cancer

Causes and Effects of Lung Cancer Lung Cancer occurs when the cells within an organism undergo mutations that cause the cell not to perform their regular duties. The cancerogenous cell then goes through the process of mitosis and produces a tumor in the tissue. Cancerogenous cells reproduce very quickly, unlike healthy cells that preserve a system of checks and balances on cell growth so that cells divide to produce new cells only when new cells are needed. 1 According to cancerhelp.net, some of the symptoms that may suggest lung cancer are: dyspnea (shortness of breath) hemoptysis (coughing up blood) chronic coughing or change in regular coughing pattern wheezing chest pain or pain in the abdomen cachexia (weight loss), fatigue, and loss of appetite dysphonia (hoarse voice) clubbing of the fingernails (uncommon) dysphagia (difficulty swallowing). Shortness of breath can be caused by the cancer growing in the airway. This can lead to accumulation of discharges, exposing people to pneumonia. A great deal of lung cancers have a a lot of blood going to the tumors and if the surface of the cancer is fragile this could cause the cancer to bleed into the airway and that results in blood being coughed out by the patient. Tumors in the top of the lung may plague the local part of the nervous system, leading to a difference in sweating patterns, eye muscle problems, and muscle weakness in the hands. Some of the symptoms of lung cancer such as fever, loss of appetite and weight, pain, etc are nonspecific; in the elderly. In many patients, the cancer has already spread beyond the original site by the time they have symptoms and seek medical attention. 2 About 10% of people that suffer from lung cancer do not present any symptoms when they find out they have the sickness; in most cases the patients find out they have lung cancer during chest radiography in routine checkups. Lung cancer is probably the most frequently diagnosed cancer in the world. In the United States of America, lung cancer is the second most common cancer and the number one cause of cancer death in both men and women. Men have a higher chance of getting lung cancer because, as studies done by the smokers association show, men smoke more than women do, but since women started smoking in larger numbers, more women are getting lung cancer.3 Lung cancer incidence rates are similar among African-American and white women. Among men lung cancer occurs about 50% more frequently among African-American men than among white men. Lung cancer mortality rates among Hispanics, Native Americans, and Asians/Pacific Islanders are significantly lower than rates among AfricanAmericans and non-Hispanic whites. The geographic distribution of Lung Cancer shows marked regional variation. The disease tends to be most frequent in highly developed countries (HDC), and less common in least developing countries (LDC), especially Africa and South America. The low rates of lung cancer in LDCs are similar to United States rates in the 1930s, when rates of lung cancer were under 5 cases per 100,000 for both sexes. In contrast, African-Americans in the United States, an epicenter of the disease, now experience lung cancer incidence rates that are among the highest in the world.4 Lung cancer is begining to dicrease in LDCs, but the number of incidences has become incredibly high in HDC, specially the United Stated of America. Treatment for lung cancer comes in various forms depending on how advanced the cancer is. The most common treatment for cancer is chemotherapy, also called chemo. This treatment is used to treat early stages of cancer to get rid of any cancer cells that may be left behind after surgery and to reduce the risk of the cancer coming back, and in the advanced stage to destroy or damage the cancer cells as much as possible. Side effects of chemo are anemia, appetite changes, bleeding problems, constipation, diarrhea,fatigue, hair loss, infection, memory changes, nausea and vomiting, pain, swelling. Radiation therapy uses high-energy radiation such as X-rays,gamma rays, and charged particles to shrink cancerogenous tumors and get rid of cancer cells. The cells may receive radiation from a machine outside of the body, or through a device placed in the body near the cells. Radiotherapy damages the DNA of the cancer cells eliminating the disease. The cancer is eliminated as cells with unrepairable DNA demage stop replicating and die. The dead cells are then eliminated by the bodys natural process. This therapy can also harm non-cancer cells resulting in side effects.Some of the side effects include fibrosis, bowel damage ÂÂ  which may cause bleeding and diarrhea, infertility and memory loss. Cancer can be surgically removed from the body. This process is done by making an incision into the body and removing the tumor and some surrounding healthy tissue to ensure that all of the cancer cells are removed. The surgeon could extract a lung partially or completely to ensure that the cancer has been taken away. Environmental causes that can lead to lung cancer are the exposure to radon, air pollution and second hand smoking. Radon oozes through the ground, and leaks into the atmosphere and our water supply. This dangerous chemical gets into homes through open doors and windows, cracked floors, or the foundation, and it can slowly build up in the home. ÂÂ  Studies show that high levels of radon gas inside homes and other buildings increase the number of new cases of lung cancer and the number of deaths caused by lung cancer. In nonsmokers, about 30% of deaths caused by lung cancer have been linked to being exposed to radon.5 Secondhand smoke comes from tobacco products such as burning cigarettes, it also comes from the smoke that people using tobacco products exhale. People who inhale secondhand smoke are called passive smokers, and they are also exposed to the risk of getting lung cancer, but in smaller amounts than smokers. Air pollution mainly from vehicles, industry, and power plants raises the chances of lung cancer in people exposed to it long term. Avoiding the exposure to these risk factors, along with a well balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables and lack of smoking, can help prevent lung cancer. Cancer is caused by several environmental factors such as exposure to air pollution and radon; however, the main cause of lung cancer is still the consumption of nicotine, which is the main component of cigarettes. There are several lifestyles people can adopt that will reduce the risk of lung cancer. Choosing to live in open areas with minimum exposure to pollutants in the environment is one of them; if you add to that a life free of cigarettes accompanied by a healthy diet and regular exercise your risk of getting lung cancer will be dramatically reduced.

Theatre In Changing Society :: essays research papers

Theatre will always survive in our changing society. It provides us with a mirror of the society within which we live, and where conflicts we experience are acted out on stage before us. It provides us with characters with which we identify with. The audience observes the emotions and actions as they happen and share the experience with the characters in real time. The survival of theatre lies in the very nature of humankind: its inner voyeuristic drive. The desire to watch other people dealing with their conflicts and fates challenges as well as reinforces values and the morality of society. The theatre provides an exciting opportunity to watch stories and situations as if they were real life, showing us the truth of our nature. For as long as humankind exists, theatre will always take on an important function within its cultures. Through theatre, a culture expresses itself, reflects its society, and displays its individuality. It invites people to experience other cultures. Nevertheless, the question at hand is whether theatre will have a role in the society of the future, where cinema, digital television, and computers will continue to expand and grow. The answer to this question is yes. Heading into the 21st century, theatre will only be a fraction in a solid media industry. However, despite all the excitement technology brings with it, they will never replace theatre because it has something that can not be recreated or offered anywhere else. The cinema and its larger than life world appeals as an affordable alternative. Digital television provides digital interaction between the viewer and the producer. Theatre on the other hand, and its contents may take on a larger dimension, but we receive it directly in flesh and blood – one to one. The magical atmosphere between an actor and spectator who are constantly aware of each other and the theatre’s level of engagement is fundamentally more human and far more intimate.